Мусульманское открытие Европы - Бернард Льюис

Qalqashand

Rash

Irşād. See above, chap. 3, n. 15.

Icmāl-i ahval-i Avrupa. See above, chap. 5, n. 59.

Mehmed Efendi, pp. 33–36.

Şem’danizade, 2: 22.

Karal, Halet, pp. 32–44, and 62. On Halet’s audience with Napoleon, see B. Flemming ″

Asim, 1: 62, 76, 78, 175, 265, and 374–376.

Abu

Ibid., pp. 250–51; cf. Stewart, 2:81.

Qazv

Usāma, pp. 138–39; cf. Hitti, pp. 167–68.

Jabart

Abū

Rifā

B. Goldstein, «The Survival of Arabic Astronomy in Hebrew,» Journal for the History of Arab Science 3 (Spring, 1979): 31–45.

Usāma, pp. 132–33; cf. Hitti, p. 162.

U. Heyd, «The Ottoman ‘Ulema’ and Westernization in the Time of Selim III and Mahmud II,» Scripta Hierosolymitana, Vol. IX: Studies in Islamic History and Civilization, ed. U. Heyd (Jerusalem, 1961), pp. 74–77.

Qur’ān, 9.36.

On mining in the Ottoman Empire, see R. Anhegger, Beitraege zur Geschichte des Bergbaus im Osmanischen Reich (Istanbul, 1943).

On these matters I have profited from a paper by Dr. Rhoads Murphey, «The Ottomans and Technology,» presented to the Second International Congress on the Social and Economic History of Turkey, Strasbourg, 1980. The Ottoman use of firearms was extensively discussed by V. J. Parry in EI2., s.v. «Bãrūd» and in «Materials of War in the Ottoman Empire,» Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East, ed. M. A. Cook (London, 1970), pp. 219–29.

U. Heyd, «Moses Hamon, Chief Jewish Physician to Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent,» Oriens 16 (1963): 153, citing Nicholas de Nicolay, bk. 3, chap. 12.

Ibid., Nicholas de Nicolay, loc. cit., «bien sçavants en la Theórique et experimentez en pratique.»

U. Heyd, «An Unknown Turkish Treatise by a Jewish Physician under Suleyman the Magnificent,» Eretz-Israel 7 (1963): 48–53.

U. Heyd, «Moses Hamon …,» pp. 168–69.

Adnan-Adivar, Science, pp. 97–98; Ilim, pp. 112–13. A Persian physican called Bahā al-Dawla (d. ca. 1510), in a work entitled Khulāsat al-Tajārib, the quintessence of experience, wrote a few pages on syphilis, which he calls «the Armenian sore» or «the Frankish pox.» According to this author, the disease originated in Europe, from which it was brought to Istanbul and the Near East. It appeared in Azerbayjan in 1498, and spread from thence to Iraq and Iran (Haskell Isaacs, «European influences in Islamic medicine,» Mashriq: Proceedings of the Eastern Mediterranean Seminar, University of Manchester 1977–1978 [Manchester, 1981, pp. 25–26]). The same article also discusses a work produced in the Ottoman lands in the second half of the seventeenth century, by the Syrian physician of Sultan Mehmed IV.

Idem, Science, pp. 128–29; Ilim, pp. 141–43.

Mehmed Efendi, pp. 26ff and 122; cf. French transl. pp. 36–40, 186–90.

Tarih-i ’Izzi (Istanbul, 1199 A. H.), pp. 190a-190b.

Busbecq, pp. 213–14; cf. E. G. Forster, p. 135; cf. Forster and Daniell, 1: 125.

O. Kurz, European Clocks and Watches in the Near East (London, 1975), pp. 70–71, citing Rousseau, Confessions, English transl. (1891), p. 3; Voltaire, Correspondence, ed. T. Bestermann, vol. 78 (Geneva 1962), p. 127; and S. Tekeli, 16’inci Asirda Osmanlilarda saat ve Takiyuddin’in «Mekanik saat konstruksuyonouna dair en parlak yildizlar» adli eseri (Ankara, 1966).

Jāmā, Salāmān va-Absāl (Tehran, 1306s), p. 36; English translation by A. J. Arberry, Fitzgerald’s Salaman and Absal (Cambridge, 1956), p. 146; cit. Lynn White Jr., Medicine, Religion and Technology (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1978), p. 88.

Janikli Ali Pasha’s memorandum survives in a ms. in the Upsala University Library.

Adnan-Adivar, Science, pp. 142ff; Ilim, pp. 161–63.

Baron F. de Tott, Memoires (Maestricht, 1785) 3: 149.

G. Toderini, Letteratura turchesca (Venice, 1787) 1: 177ff.

Aubert du Bayet (later Dubayet) was born in New Orleans and had fought in the American Revolution under Lafayette. He had been active in the French Revolution from the start and sat in the French legislative assembly as deputy for Grenoble.

B. Lewis, Emergence, pp. 85ff.